Independent component analysis in the blind watermarking of digital images

We propose a new method for the blind robust watermarking of digital images based on independent component analysis (ICA). We apply ICA to compute some statistically independent transform coefficients where we embed the watermark. The main advantages of this approach are twofold. On the one hand, each user can define its own ICA-based transformation. These transformations behave as ‘‘private-keys’’ of the method. On the other hand, we will show that some of these transform coefficients have white noise-like spectral properties. We develop an orthogonal watermark to blindly detect it with a simple matched filter. We also address some relevant issues as the perceptual masking of the watermark and the estimation of the detection probability. Finally, some experiments have been included to illustrate the robustness of the method to common attacks and to compare its performance to other transform domain watermarking algorithms. r 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.